Different Types of Soils in India Essay Example for Free

Different Types of Soils in India Essay 1. Black soils The principal region of black soils is the Deccan plateau and its periphery extending from 8Â °45to 26o north latitude and 68o to 83o45 east longitude. They are formed from Deccan basalt trap rocks and occur in areas under the monsoon climate, mostly of semi-arid and sub-humid types. The overall climate of black soil region may be described as hot and dry summer, 40-100 cm rainfall per annum, mild to moderate winters and annual temperature ranges from 24-30o centigrade, mean maximum temperature during April-May ranges from 36~42Â °C arid mean minimum temperature during winter ranges from 15-24Â ° centigrade. Semi-arid to sub-humid, tropical to sub-tropical monsoon type climate with alternate dry and wet periods and calcification (formation of calcium carbonate) are favourable to the formation of black soils. The soils are characterised by dark grey to black colour with 35-60% clay, neutral to slightly alkaline reaction, high swelling and shrinkage, plasticity, deep cracks during summer and poor status of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus. Impeded drainage and low permeability are the major problems. Black soils. are divided into shallow black soil of a depth of 30-50 cms, medium black soils of 50-120 cm and deep black soils of more than 120 centimeters. The natural vegetation comprises dry deciduous species, viz palas (Butes frondoss), sisam (Dalbergia sisu), neem (Azadirachta indica) and teak (Tectona grandis). Cotton, sugarcane, groundnut, millets, maize, pulses, safflower are the common crops grown on these soils. Because of their inherent drainage problem, they are prone to salinity and sodicity under irrigated conditions unless proper drainage is ensured. Because of its high water retaining capacity, rainfed crops like minor millets, pulses like horse gram are vegetables of different types and citrus fruits can also be grown. These soils are also known as regurs, nullah regadi (a telugu word meaning black clay) and black cotton soils as cotton was the major crop grown in these soils. 2. Red soils These soils are derived from granite, gneiss and other metamorphic rocks. These soils are formed under well drained condition. The climate is semi-arid tropical with mean annual temperature of 25Â °C and mean annual rainfall from 75-100 cm. The soils are higher textured, friable structure and contains low soluble salts. They are slightly acidic to slightly alkaline, well drained with moderate permeability. They are generally poor in nitrogen, phosphorus, lime, humus etc. In this soil, lime concretions and free carbonates are absent. The red colour is due to the higher degree of hydration of the fericoxide in the soils. On uplands, they are gravelly sandy or stony and porous and light coloured on which food crops like bajra can be grown. On the lower plains and valleys, they are dark, coloured fertile loams, irrigated crops like maize, wheat, pulses, potatoes, fruits, millets etc can be grown. These soils have also been found under forest vegetation. Sometimes they found along with black soils (side by side) and also yellow soils (red and yellow soils). Excessive gravelliness, surface crust formation and susceptibility to erosion due to high slopes are some of the problems in these soils which can be overcome by adopting suitable measures. Morphologically the red soils can be divided into red loams which have a cloddy structure and argillaceous soil and red earths with loose friable top soil rich in sesquioxide type of minerals. 3. Laterites and lateritic soils Laterite is a geological term and means literally a rock. The laterites and lateritic soils have been loosely used in the same sense. The lateritic soils are enriched with oxides of iron and aluminium, under the conditions of high rainfall with alternate dry and wet periods. During rainfall silica is leached downwards and iron and aluminium oxides remains in the top layers. Laterites are usually shallow and gravelly at higher lands, but are very deep loam to clay soils in the valleys where good paddy crops are produced. Higher landy soils are poor in nutrient status where as lower level soils are dark and richer in nutrients and organic matter. All lateritic soils are poor in calcium, magnesium, nitrogen, phosphorus and potash. They are generally well drained and porous. The soil reaction is more on the acidic side. On laterites, as already mentioned, rice is grown at lower elevations and at higher elevations, tea, coffee, cinchona, rubber and cashewnut can be grown under good soil management conditions. On the whole, laterites are poor in fertility and readily respond to manuring and good cultivation. Based on the climate lateritic soils are grouped into high rainfall areas with strongly and weakly expressed dry season and humid zones with pronounced dry wet periods. 4. Alluvial soils Alluvial soils, cover the largest area in India (approximately 7 lakh km2) and these are the most important soils from agricultural point of view. The main features of alluvial soils have been derived as silt deposition laid down by the Indian river systems like the Indus, the Ganges, the Brahmaputra and the rivers like Narmada, Tapti: Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Cauvery. These rivers carry the products of weathering of rocks constituting the mountains and deposit them along their path as they flow down the plain land towards the sea. Geologically, the alluvium is divided into recent alluvium which is known as Khadar and old alluvium, as bhangar. The newer alluvium is sandy and light coloured whereas older alluvium is more clayey, dark coloured and contains lime concretions. The soils have a wide range in soil characteristics viz. acid to alkaline sandy to clay, normal to saline, sodic and calcareous, shallow to very deep. The climate ranges from arid to humid s ub-tropical. The following groupings of alluvial soils may be recognised: alluvial soils (Khadar, bhangar and highly calcareous), deltaic alluvium, coastal alluvium, coastal sands, calcareous sierocomic and grey-brown soils. a. Alluvial soils The alluvial soils occuring in the Indo-Gangetic plains and the Brahmaputra valley cover a large area. The soils are transported and deposited by the rivers from the parent material. The rivers are the Ganga, Jamuna, Brahmaputra and their tributaries. The soils are deep and hard pans in the subsoil are calcareous (made of calcium carbonate) and acidic. These are deficient in nitrogen, phosphorous and humus, but not in potash and lime. These soils are fertile amongst all the soils of India. They produce a wide variety of crops like rice, wheat, sugarcane, jute and potato. They are distributed mainly in the northern, north-western and north-eastern parts of our country. b. Deltaic alluvial soils They are formed from sediments carried by rivers and deposited in the mouths of rivers joining the sea. The deltas of the Ganga, Brahmaputra, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Cauvery are the most important ones. In Gujarat, the deltaic alluvial soils which are sandy loam to clay loam are locally called Goradu soils. The Godavari and Krishna rivers pass through basaltic region having black soils and these soils are dark and fine textured. The Cauvery delta soils are significantly clayey and Ganga delta soils show high accumulation of organic matter, as in the Sunderbans of West Bengal, due to swampy vegetation. These soils are fertile and grow a wide variety of crops suited to climatic conditions. c. Coastal alluvium Soils developed on coastal alluvium are found along, the sea coasts. Soils are dark coloured, coarse textured and poor in fertility. Some soils are saline due to the inundation of sea water. Such soils in the Konkan coast of Maharashtra are called Khar soils. d. Coastal sands Sandy soils occur prominently in the coastal area of Tanjavur district of Tamil Nadu, along the Kerala coast, Bapatla in Guntur distrjct of Andhra Pradesh and Puri district in Orissa. If sandy soils are not saline, plantation crops like coconut, cashew and casuarina can be taken up for cultivation. Other soils under alluvium are calcareous sierozomes and grey brown soils. Calcareous sierozomes can be seen in the desertic region of Haryana and Punjab. The word sierozem denotes a group of soils having a brownish-grey surface horizon with a sub-layer of carbonates which is developed under mixed shrub vegetation in a-temperate to cool, arid climate. Grey-brown soils as the name itself indicates its nature, can be found in, desert soils of Rajasthan. 5. Desert soils In the north-western part of India, desert soils occur over an area of 0.29 million hecta,res, which includes a major part of Rajasthan, south of Haryana and Punjab and northern part of Gujarat. Rainfall ranges from less than 10 cms to 50 cms, mostly contributed during monsoon season. The region consists of sand dunes and undulating sandy plains. The temperature regime is very high throughout the year and a maximum of 50-60Â °C is recorded during summer. Due to high temperature organic-matter built up is very low. The soils in the plains are mostly derived from alluvium and are pale brown to brown to yellow brown and fine sandy to loamy fine sand and are structureless. The clay contents low and presence of alkaline earth carbonates is an important feature. The nitrate nitrogen and phosphorus makes the desert soils fertile and productive under proper moisture supply. By increasing the water holding capacity, the productivity of the soils can be increased which involve s addition of organic matter and clay. 6. Tarai soils The word tarai is a hindi word, which means moist. Thus, i\ is a wet regime having high water table. Tarai soils are foot hii soils and extend in strips of varying widths at the foot of Himalayas in Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar-Pradesh, Bihar and West-Bengal. Soils under the natural conditions are thickly vegetated and swampy. Several types of grasses and trees from the native vegetation on removal of which the soils become highly productive. The soils are formed from the materials that are washed down by the erosion of mountains. They are alluvial origin. High soil moisture content all through the year results in luxuriant vegetation dominated by tall grasses. They are neutral to slightly alkaline with significant amounts of organic matter. The texture varies from sandy loam to silty loam. Generally, these soils are fertile and by providing proper drainage, the productivity can be increased.

American History: The 1960s

American History: The 1960s Looking back through the annals of history, the 1960s stands out as a highly important decade in American History. During this decade, the United States was rocked by political scandal in the form of the Bay of Pigs incident and widespread terror and fear in the form of the Cuban Missile Crisis that followed in its wake. In addition, the African-American Civil Rights Movement hit its stride, becoming one of the most powerful and most frequently covered events in the media as African-Americans spoke out and protested against the racial inequalities and segregation that they had been forced to endure for so long. This was also a decade of great loss, and many prominent figureheads, such as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X and John and Robert Kennedy in the Modern Civil Rights Movement were the targets of assassin s bullets and taken from this world. The 1960s was a tumultuous but undeniably important decade in American history and is easily one of the most important times in the development of our nation. The Bay of Pigs invasion was an attempt made by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) on behalf of the United States government to lead trained Cuban exiles in a plan to invade Cuba and overthrow the government of Fidel Castro. This plan was a colossal failure on the part of the United States government which led to public embarrassment for the United States on the global stage. Relations between the two governments had already been quite strained after Fidel Castro came into power in 1959 but the Bay of Pigs incident strained relations between the two nations to their breaking point. In retrospect, it is amazing that the Bay of Pigs invasion was given approval by the President but some historical scholars have likened this problem to a lack of proper communication between the office of the President and the CIA. The Cuban Missile Crisis was an international incident that occurred when United States military intelligence discovered the existence of several nuclear missiles in various spots throughout Cuba that had apparently been supplied by the Soviet Union. The United States immediately began to try to convince Cuba to disarm and dispose of the missiles. This led to a period of short-lived but widespread fear that Cuba was prepared to launch these missiles at the United States and of a possible invasion. Faced with the wide range of overt political and economic maneuvers against the Castro regime, it was not unreasonable for Cuban and Soviet leaders to be concerned in 1962 over intensified U.S. hostile action against Cuba, including the possibility of an invasion (Steinberg). Once the missiles were discovered, the United States was in a very difficult political position in that it must be decided to either take offensive action against Cuba or do something less proactive while still achieving the same goal of Cuba s disarmament and disposal of the missiles. The only way in which domestic politics have been generally thought to have affected the U.S.s behavior was by providing a generalized incitement to the Kennedy administration to do something about Cuba and the Soviet missiles (McKeown). At this point, there was immense pressure on the President to act which resulted in what is considered to be poor decision making. The Cuban Missile Crisis was a very important event in American history to look back and reflect upon not only because of the event itself but because of the impact it had on American politics as a whole. This is the closest the United States has ever come to thermonuclear war and resulted in numerous changes to American foreign policy and other relations with foreign nations. In the 1960s, the modern Civil Rights Movement hit its stride in which several prominent figures rose into the spotlight and several nonviolent protests were acted out to secure the basic civil rights that African-Americans had been denied for so long. Led by many prominent and well respected leaders, these rights were hard won and required a great deal of effort from the African-American community as a whole. One of the earliest and most prominent protests of the 1960s was undertaken by African Americans taking rides on interstate busses heading into southern states, where the buses had yet to be integrated. The Montgomery Bus Boycott of the 1950s likely laid much of the groundwork needed for these Freedom Rides to be organized and carried out. Most of these rides were sponsored by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and were instrumental in integrating and de-segregating both seating on the busses themselves and the interstate bus terminals. These rides were highly dangerous for African-Americans at the time and many of the residents of those southern states did not take well to blacks attempting to circumvent the Jim Crow Laws which were the norm of southern states at the time. Despite being backed by recent federal rulings that it was unconstitutional to segregate bus riders, the Freedom Riders met with obstinate resistance as in Birmingham and Montgomery, where white supremacists attacked bus depots themselves (Gross). Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X are widely regarded as two of the most prominent African-American figures during the Modern Civil Rights Movement but, as prominent as the two men were; their views on how the Civil Rights Movement should be carried out were vastly dissimilar. Dr. King was very outspoken in his fight against the injustices suffered at the hands of African-Americans at the time but despite the violence that African-Americans were typically met with in their protests, he asserted a policy of nonviolent resistance. In his famous Letter from Birmingham Jail, King asserts that Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community which has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue. It seeks so to dramatize the issue that it can no longer be ignored (King). This speaks to his position of advocacy of nonviolent resistance that sends a powerful and unavoidable message. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. s Letter from Birmingham Jail is widely considered to be one of the single most important pieces of protest literature to be written during the modern Civil Rights Movement and one of Dr. King s biggest achievements. In this letter, Dr. King reasserted his stance on the use of nonviolent means of protest as the means of advancing the interests of the African-American people while appealing to his fellow members of the Alabama clergy. This letter was instrumental in the fight towards black civil rights and is widely regarded to be one of the most important pieces of such writing in history. Malcolm X on the other hand preached a very different policy in regards to the methodology that should be used by African-Americans in securing their civil rights. In his By Any Means Necessary speech, he asserts that We declare our right on this earth to be a man, to be a human being, to be respected as a human being, to be given the rights of a human being in this society, on this earth, in this day, which we intend to bring into existence by any means necessary (Malcolm X). In saying this, Malcolm X is clearly asserting that African-Americans should fight for their rights and attain them at all costs, even if they must resort to violence. He also asserts during a speech at the Ford Auditorium. So I dont believe in violence thats why I want to stop it. And you cant stop it with love, not love of those things down there, no. So, we only mean vigorous action in self-defense and that vigorous action we feel were justified in initiating by any means necessary (Ali). During the mid and late 1960s, the Civil Rights Movement lost two of its most prominent figures. In 1965, Malcolm X, who had until then been a very outspoken figurehead of Black Nationalism, was assassinated in New York City as he was trying to deliver a speech. Malcolm X was largely considered to be a political and ideological leader of the Civil Rights Movement and his death was one that greatly impacted the movement. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. s assassination occurred much later in the decade, on April 4, 1968. While standing on the balcony of the Lorraine Hotel in Memphis, Tennessee, Dr. King was fatally shot. News of his assassination led to rioting in dozens of cities across America. However, the outcome of his assassination could largely be attributed as marking the end of the modern Civil Rights Movement. The United States government was essentially forced into abolishing the segregationist policies that existed at the time. The assassinations of these two individuals both had different effects on the modern Civil Rights Movement as a whole. The assassination of Malcolm X led to a different sort of impact on the Civil Rights Movement. Due to Malcolm X s highly publicized departure from the Nation of Islam, his assassination was largely attributed to members of the Nation of Islam, creating tension between black Islamic and Muslim groups. In addition, two other prominent figures in the fight for African-American civil rights were assassinated as well, and these two people were both brothers, John and Robert Kennedy. John F. Kennedy hadn t been a very vocal civil rights activist in his time as President and preceding his death but despite that, he was instrumental in passing key civil rights legislation and took a stand against racial segregation in many instances. For example, when former Alabama Governor George Wallace stood in front of the University of Alabama doors, barring two black students from registering for classes, President Kennedy intervened. Deputy Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach called President Kennedy and alerted him to what Wallace was doing; President Kennedy federalized the Alabama National Guard to help with the crisis. Ultimately, Wallace stepped aside and the two students were allowed to register for classes (Elliott). Robert Kennedy was a very outspoken figure in the fight for African-American civil rights and spoke publicly against segregationist policies and the racism that permeated many aspects of American culture and institutions. Robert Kennedy was a prime candidate for election in the 1968 Presidential election and built much of his campaign on the platform of African-American Civil Rights and believed that the foundations of American integrity should be based on equality for all American citizens. On April 4, 1968, after he had learned of Dr. King s assassination, Robert Kennedy delivered an impromptu speech in Indianapolis, Indiana which is largely said to be a prime contributor to the fact that, despite the riots that had broken out in dozens of cities across America when news of Dr. King s death spread, Indianapolis remained calm in the wake of such news. Unfortunately, on June 6, 1968, Robert Kennedy was assassinated by a man named Sirhan Sirhan. It is clear that the 1960s has had a great impact on American society and culture as a whole. From the United States teetering on the brink of nuclear war with both Cuba and the Soviet Union as a result of the failed Bay of Pigs invasion in the Cuban Missile Crisis to the massive growth and successes of the Modern Civil Rights Movement to the loss of such key public figures that arose out of and around that movement, there were massive shifts in American politics. This was indeed a very tumultuous time in American history but it was also a time of great sociocultural and political growth for the United States and is unquestionably one of the most important decades in our history and study of this decade is highly important to further growth and prosperity. Journalism: Then and now Journalism: Then and now Is the divide between the British Tabloid and the serious, quality press narrowing? If so why? There are many debates concerned about the state of British newspapers today. Most recently, traditional news values have seen to become more reformed and revolutionized. The dominance of celebrity and social news, the blurring of the boundary between news and reality shows and other popular culture; and the advent of citizen journalism may all suggest that the nature of news and news values are evolving; and that traditional models of the news process are now only partially relevant. Replaced, are new sorts of values called the tabloid news values. Tabloid news values, in the press, are a question of both the angle and interpretive framework of the journalist. (Colin Sparks, 2000) News wins over that appeal to broad sectors of the public, scandals, crime, sports and pop culture will be given very high priority relative to items about politics and public affairs (Sparks, 2000). Equally, the stories will be highly personified and they will impart sensations and emotions. The presence of the tabloid news values in the British papers today is due to several factors such as advertisements and media ownership; which results a hierarchy in the profession involved in the making of newspapers journalism. However, it can be argued that the divide between tabloid newspapers and broadsheets are/are not narrowing, considering the dramatically changed features they include. In this assignment, I aim to distinguish if broadsheets are looking similarly like tabloids and if the quality press is focusing only on public interests. I intend to use relevant examples to assist my points of arguments, besides using academic sources which will finalize my findings towards this topic. It has been said that Broadsheets newspapers went through a process labelled tabloidization. Tabloidization is the term used to express tabloid style papers. It is, as stated by Pete du Pont a shift by the media away from government and foreign affairs to a more entertainment-style of journalism that focuses on lifestyle, celebrity, entertainment and crime/scandal (du Pont, 1998). Ken Sanes (1997) in his article, The News Medias Effort to Hide from Significant Truth (Transparency website) identifies a possible argument which explains the cause of tabloidization. He states that the people who own the newspapers are responsible for the happening of this process. du Pont agrees with Sanes and claims that owners of the newspapers themselves are primarily to blame and that he sees this as the corporate ownership theory. (du Pont, 1998) The newspapers are owned by well-known people such as Rupert Murdock, Scott Trust, Tony OReilly and it is thought that the news journalists follow orders t hat are sent directly from these owners in order to shape the news (du Pont, 1998) accordingly. The result is a news media, which manipulates informationto push the political agendas (du Pont, 1998) of the newspapers. The problem lies in the fact that the agendas of these newspapers are based on marketing themselves and their products, or more simply put on money. Covering up the news that may be detrimental to the economic health and/or reputation of the company (Sanes, 1997) can also be seen a part of this marketing. This is where tabloidization is seen to come in play. In order for the owners to push their own interests or to draw the attention away from the news that may prove to disadvantage them, the newspapers have created a news media that concentrates on attracting audiences through stories about sex, scandal and Hollywood (Pete du Pont, 1998). In 1995 the editor of the Guardian invented the word broadloid to describe a broadsheet newspaper with a tabloid editorial approach. (Peak and Fisher cited in Bromley, 1998). Bob Franklin (1997) determines to prove that both tabloid and broadsheet newspapers are impossible to differentiates and thus compares them to achieve his hypothesis. Franklin found that Broadsheets have degraded by the significant tabloid values they introduced to their paper. He defines a broadsheet as a large format newspaper, written and distributed for a national audience on the basis of a national news agenda. Franklin also believes that Broadsheet news values traditionally favour a mix of politics-plus-diplomacy-plus-war with sport on the back page; broadsheets aim at in-depth and comprehensive coverage; and are written using moderate and emotionally controlled language (assumedly) typical of the middle classes. Broadsheets tend to lead on the issue, or the substantive consequences, of a story rather than first-hand human interest approach more typical of tabloids; they tend to be print heavy rather than the more pictorial tabloids; and are less inclined to use more ethically dubious reporting practices, such as doorstepping or paying sources for stories. (Franklin, 1997) His statement reflects an appreciated view on Broadsheet newspapers as he claims that it is valuable newspaper which, by far, determines a persons status in society. Through his argument, it can be said that he does not accept the reason that Broadsheets would possibly merge into tabloids-style papers. Further, Colin Sparks (2000) believes that newspapers carry responsibilities towards the public interest. Their responsibilities are primarily to warn and protect the public. They are held through the media, where economy and political information are published to the public. The quality press provides this kind of information in abundance. (Sparks, 2000) This is crucial to Sparks that newspapers use this strategy, as the public are expected to exercise informed choices about how, and by whom, their society is being governed.(Sparks, 2000) In other words, Sparks informs us that it is crucial that the public discover the norms and values of their society. The media portrays this to them in order to help them live a less complex lifestyle, with an easier decision to make when following, perhaps economic and/or political ideas. On the other hand, Franklin believes that the quality press has transformed into the popular press through the four ways he states. First, broadsheets now contain less news, especially foreign news, parliamentary news and investigative stories, preferring photographs to these expensive reporting formats. Second, views have increasingly replaced news, with broadsheets choosing to fill the pages emptied of international and investigative reporting with engaging opinion from columnists. Third, he suggests that broadsheets are increasingly allocating a high news priority to stories which until recently would have been dismissed and disdained as merely tabloid stories. Fourth, broadsheets are increasingly likely to include many editorial features which previously were the exclusive preserve of the tabloids (Franklin, 1997). To conclude the meanings of Franklins ideas, he is clearly stating that quality papers do focus on public interest but carry no political or foreign news as they switched to tabloids formats. Through his claim, it can be said that he sees Broadsheets as virtually tabloid paper. Richard Addis, the former Daily Express editor suggests broadsheets are a master class in daily journalism delivered in a thoroughly post-modern or post-ironic way (Addis, cited from the Guardian, 2008). Dominic Ponsford, editor of Press Gazette agrees with Addis and comments that broadsheets are a tidy, spacey, pacey and coherent package a paper positioned upmarket from the tabloids (Ponsford, cited from the Guardian, 2008). Broadsheets tended to have better written articles; with much less scandal and gossip, much less sensational headlines and people depended upon them for getting their quota of what could now be called serious news. However, when talking of tabloids newspaper; the term tabloid refers both to a specific type of newspaper, and to a specific paper size. Newspapers introduced the term when they started halving the broadsheet size. News tabloids are originally presented highly compressed and compacted news, as opposed to the more detailed and lengthy news in broadsheets. Tabloid newspapers were best known for a lower type of journalism that dealt with sleaze, corruption, sex scandals, celebrity gossip and sports. Nevertheless, the lines between the types of newspapers have blurred. Anthony Sampson, a member of the Scott Trust who owns the Guardian said: the frontier between qualities and popular papers has virtually disappeared (Bromley, 1998) Furthermore, Ian Connell follows to argue both Franklin and Sparks views. He declares that Broadsheets have not dumbed down. Connell says Franklins study was not a complete comparison between the poplar and the quality press. The misrepresentations have arisen, I think, because neither has compared like with like.(Connell, 1998) Connells quote shows he has a different perspective and interpretation into the debate of tabloidization. Connell compares both papers to see if Franklins views are somewhat arguably acceptable. He believes that there are substantial amounts of quality news in both broadsheets and tabloids (Connell, 1998) This quote is a directly opposing Franklins idea that international news has, yet, disappeared in the quality press. Connell also argues that Sparks ideology to tabloid papers, it that they reject any sort of international news. However, in his study, Connell claims that tabloids have much public interest stories and that some international news, still virtu ally exist. The Financial Times and the Economist. Together they contributed 36.4% of the international items. (Connell, 1998) Connell may agree with Franklin about sensational and gossipy news which appears in tabloids but does not see this present in broadsheets. Following to this, Connell states that broadsheets are not becoming broadloids and disagrees with Franklin as oppose to his argument that more broadsheet items were published without illustration, as broadsheets have began to use more pictures (Franklin, 1998) His statement here contradicts what he later claims that politics was the most frequently occurring main topic in the UK press. (Franklin, 1998) As known, broadsheets contain more political and foreign news while tabloids tend to mention politics through human interest stories. Connells observations explain that a traditional content is carried by broadsheets, yet they may use tabloid style to twist those traditionally written articles. In contrast, Franklin declares that the style and formats of broadsheets are changing (Franklin, 1998) but he appears to note only on the use of tabloid style language in the headlines of the quality papers. A comparison in the change of some British newspapers may help to conclude wither broadsheet have become broadloid. Martin Conboy states that newspapers which use the tabloid size but do not use its language, such asThe Independent and The Timesdemonstrate that it is the language which is more important in the make-up of a tabloid than the format itself. (Conboy, 2006) However Sanes defences and believes that tabloids have not come close to providing the range of material now regularly offered by the broadsheets. (Sanes, 1997) In 2003 The Independent started concurrent production of both broadsheet and tabloid compact editions, carrying exactly the same content. This paper is seen the most colourful paper among the other broadsheets. Articles include international and political news, but a great quantity of human interest subjects are varied in the news section. However, there is often some clearly identical language and format to tabloid style, with the use of pictures, pun headline and speech bubbles, which all indicate a tabloid style paper. The Sunday Times did likewise, but with less apparent success, with readers vocally opposing the change (Sanes, 1997). The format is big in size but the inside includes many adverts, which is seen to be the great values of a tabloid. They contain illustrations and big attractive picture nearly in every page but do not include much of the human interest topics. Yet most of the human interest stories and celebrity gossip are seen to be found in the news review, which makes this paper, indeed, broadloid. When the Independent launched its new tabloid format, it was a shock for the Guardians creative team, renowned for its strong design ethos and forward-thinking approach. Plans for its own reformat were thought about intensively. Wed always been the British paper that took design most seriously, claims Mark Porter, the Guardians creative director. Weve always had a reputation for that and I suppose we always liked to think we were the most innovative British paper. The Guardian had regained its laurels. Within two years, it was back on top with a new design and format: the Berliner format à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ midway size paper between a broadsheet and a tabloid. As the pressure to follow the crowd increased, Mark Porter spent a long period of time experimenting with a tabloid Guardian, but it soon became clear that it wasnt possible to convert a broadsheet newspaper to tabloid without radically changing both the journalism and the design. The idea that you could was absurd, he says. It wasnt going to be that straightforward and the editor, in particular, was very concerned that if we went down that route we would be forced, even if we didnt want to, to change the journalism and the way we presented the stories. Harcup and ONeil (2001) suggest that celebrity has become a major factor in determining whether a news story is selected for inclusion in a newspaper, and thus is the result of defining if a broadsheet becomes broadloid. They also conclude that The UK press seems obsessed with celebrities such as TV soap stars, sports stars, film stars, and, of course, royalty, (Harcup and ONeil, 2001) which may well predict the upcoming future of broadsheets. However, Porter was looking to create a newspaper where the pictures worked just as hard as the text, offering an alternative way for time-pressed readers to engage with the paper. The main motivation cited for the shifts in the analyzed papers above are that owners use human interest topics and illustrations to make the paper appealing to the readers, (Sanes, 1997) The Independent only needs to transform the language in order to become a tabloid paper. Conboy would probably disagree because the language shows a distant style to tabloids. Bromley believes that owners bring in tabloid values to the quality to attract more readers (Bromley, 1998). I would disagree as there are still people who carry more interest to broadsheets than tabloids. However, since the transformation of many broadsheet newspapers occurred, it gave the readers the choice which content they desired to read. (Sanes, 1997) It is presumably hoped that many readers will find the smaller formats of a tabloid, more convenient, in fact it remains to be seen how this shake-up will affect the usage of the term broadsheet' (Sanes, 1997). Newspapers, however, have always used free subscription trials and other promotions, with advertising platforms such as new or expanded feature sections, and with better home and newsstand distribution in order to sell a successful paper. However, struggling publishers often seek the quickest method to cut costs and increase circulation without harming ad revenues (McLahlan and Golding, 2000) Many in Britain see their salvation in changing formats; they believe that switching to a more compact one, such as the tabloid format, may lift circulation by attracting disaffected newspaper readers. Several important broadsheets across Britain have recently converted themselves into tabloids (du Pont, 1998) and the format have proved popular in the year following the transformation. Advertisements are necessary in the production of newspapers. The popular press, it is conventionally reckoned that only 20 percent of revenues come from advertisingthe quality press, on the other hand, receives 60 percent of its revenues from advertising. (Sparks, 2001) Advertising agencies give broadsheets their money as they believe the popular press target the working class, (Sparks, 2001). This is the only strategy they could possibly use with tabloids as it enables them to advertise in certain papers to target their specific customers. On the other hand, the quality papers aim at the middle and upper class. As a result, their pages include highly paid advertising products. In other words, if selling luxury goods, advertisers will pay much more to get to people who can afford high profile adverts. Alternatively, if selling ringtones, advertisers will not pay as much as they aim at vast readership. Notably, they follow this process as the middle/upper class people are able to afford those high-priced advertising products. Conversely, Spark argues that poorer readers are excluded from having niche newspapers aimed at them, unlike richer people. He follows to explain that democratic inequality based on income (Sparks, 2001) is the reason for the major barrier between the quality papers; as the tabloids do not carry the power of press freedom. It can be said that corporate ownership have played a role in the process of tabloidization and thus involved bifurcation in newspapers. When it comes down to it, the underlying goal of any corporation is to make profits. That is the nature of the business world. Marketing has become a large part of the news. Also what underlies this argument was the deregulation of television in the 1980s. Robin Anderson (1995) states: Before deregulation, corporate speculators did not purchase stations solely for the purpose of commodity trading. After deregulation, however, speculators who had no interest or experience in the media bought and sold stations simply to make a profit. Corporate investors would often cut corners to make a profit by cutting news departments, and giving into advertiser demands (Anderson, 1995). Deregulation here is what allowed the corporations to purchase the T.V. networks. This makes it a major contributor to tabloidization, even if it was an indirect one. In fact, not just in T.V networks does this happen but newspaper proprietors were also accused of treating their titles as business properties with a social purpose'. (Greenslade cited in Bromley). Bromley believes the problem with broadloid is from magazines. Magazines began to pursue an editorial mix of sex, celebrity and sleaze in a far more aggressive way.(Bromley, 1998) Market competition, advertisements and ownership are affecting the state of the media. There is a clear sign that broadloid is taking place. The format may be reducing to one of a tabloid but the contents majority contains hard news. However, it is seen that money is making owners revalue the public interest. In conclusion to my analysis above, it can be notified that broadsheets have not seen to dramatically change as Franklin argues, conversely, it merely depends on the readers to the type of news they choose to read. Arguably, there is, yet a division between the tabloid and broadsheet newspapers, but this division lies under the use of language and format; the papers chose to present. Whether tabloidization started all the above arguments, or vice versa, it is a question that we may never know the answer to. Perhaps, finding the answer to it may be the key to finding the true answer to what caused tabloidization. Whether we know where it came from or not, the fact that tabloidization is here; still remains and it appears to compete and challenge the success on British newspapers.

Portland Cement Essay -- essays research papers

PORTLAND CEMENT Chemical composition. Portland Cement is made up of four main compounds: tricalcium silicate (3CaOSiO2), dicalcium silicate (2CaOSiO2), tricalcium aluminate (3CaOAl2O3), and a tetra-calcium aluminoferrite (4CaO Al2O3Fe2O3). In an abbreviated notation differing from the normal atomic symbols, these compounds are designated as C3S, C2S, C3A, and C4AF, where C stands for calcium oxide (lime), S for silica, A for alumina, and F for iron oxide. Small amounts of uncombined lime and magnesia also are present, along with alkalies and minor amounts of other elements Hydration. The most important hydraulic constituents are the calcium silicates, C2S and C3S. Upon mixing with water, the calcium silicates react with water molecules to form calcium silicate hydrate (3CaO 2SiO23H2O) and calcium hydroxide (Ca [OH] 2). These compounds are given the shorthand notations C-S-H (represented by the average formula C3S2H3) and CH, and the Hydration reaction can be crudely represented by the following reactions: 2C3S + 6H = C3S2H3 + 3CH 2C2S + 4H = C3S2H3 + CH During the initial stage of hydration, the parent compounds dissolve, and the dissolution of their chemical bonds generates a significant amount of heat. Then, for reasons that are not fully understood, hydration comes to a stop. This quiescent, or dormant, period is extremely important in the placement of concrete. Without a dormant period there would be no cement trucks, pouring would have to be done immediately upon mixing. Following the dormant period (which can last several hours), the cement begins to harden, as CH and C-S-H are produced. This is the cementitious material that binds cement and concrete together. As hydration proceeds, water and cement are continuously consumed. Fortunately, the C-S-H and CH products occupy almost the same volume as the original cement and water; volume is approximately conserved, and shrinkage is manageable. Although the formulas above treat C-S-H as a specific stoichiometry, with the formula C3S2H3, it does not at all form an ordered structure of uniform composition. C-S-H is actually an amorphous gel with a highly variable stoichiometry. The ratio of C to S, for example, can range from 1:1 to 2:1, depending on mix design and curing conditions. Structural properties. The strength developed by portland cement depends on its composition and the fineness to whi... ...s. Dust emission from cement kilns can be a serious nuisance. In populated areas it is usual and often compulsory to fit cyclone arrestors, bag-filter systems, or electrostatic dust precipitators between the kiln exit and the chimney stack. Modern cement plants are equipped with elaborate instrumentation for control of the burning process. Raw materials in some plants are sampled automatically, and a computer calculates and controls the raw mix composition. The largest rotary kilns have outputs exceeding 5,000 tons per day. Grinding The clinker and the required amount of gypsum are ground to a fine powder in horizontal mills similar to those used for grinding the raw materials. The material may pass straight through the mill (open-circuit grinding), or coarser material may be separated from the ground product and returned to the mill for further grinding (closed-circuit grinding). Sometimes a small amount of a grinding aid is added to the feed material. For air-entraining cements the addition of an air-entraining agent is similarly made. Finished cement is pumped pneumatically to storage silos from which it is drawn for packing in paper bags or for dispatch in bulk containers.

Corruption in the Canturbury Tales by Gefforey Chaucer Essay -- greed,

The Canterbury Tales, penned by Geoffrey Chaucer gives its audiences insight on the corruption that exists to this day in humanity. As you read through the chapters Chaucer reveals the dark sides to supposedly respectable people such as the Summoner, along with people he favors like the Knight, the Wife of Bath, and women in general. His comical descriptions and stories that coincide with each character express his thoughts on real people in his society. My perception of the Summoner’s tale moral is that greed is the root of all evil. The Summoners tale introduces us to a greedy Friar who only begs at the homes of the rich. Instead of praying for the people he meets the Friar erases their names from his tablet after taking advantage of their accommodations and stealing their money. When the greedy Friar makes a stop at Thomas’ home he is greeted by his troubled wife who had recently lost her child, the Friar sees the wife’s vulnerability as an opportunity to make more money and tells her he had a vision of her son in heaven. This leads to Thomas’s wife reaching out to the Friar about her dieing husband being in a nasty mood. Thomas sees the Friars transparency so he questions him about his health â€Å"God knows† said Thomas, I feel no benefit therefrom. So help me, Christ, in the few years I have spent many a pound on all sorts of Friars, yet I never get better. Truly, I have almost used up my mon ey. Farewell by gold it is all gone!† (Page 192-193)The Friar then turns the tables on Thomas and blames his illness on him giving money to other friars â€Å"Why does a man who has a perfect physician need to seek other doctors in the town? Your infidelity has ruined you. Do you think that it insufficient that I, or rather our group, should pra... ...d fair, And take your chance on those who will repair To your house now and then because of me (Or to some other place, it may well be). Choose for yourself the one you'd rather try." (Pages 1119-1125) The Knight seems to have learned his lesson for he leaves the decision up to the old woman, the story ends with the Knight living happily ever after with is beautiful and faithful wife. This story reflects on how strongly Chaucer believed in women’s rights because it reveals women’s desires and opinions. In conclusion, The Canterbury Tales reflects Geoffrey Chaucer’s view on medieval society. From his writings we are able to visualize and learn about different social classes’ from an honest point of view. The Knight, the Wife of Bath, and women character we greatly favored throughout the tales while others were highly unlikeable. Works Cited the cantubury tales

Should Science be Boundless? Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Papers

Should Science be Boundless? Imagine a world with no limits or boundaries. Would life be chaotic and outrageously out of control or would people know how to control themselves? The human race has proved to us several times for a necessity to have rules to live by and guidelines to follow. Each day people are pressing to go beyond the boundaries, which limit their actions. One of the best examples are scientific people who are driven to make discoveries each day, month or year. Some scientists are driven with ambition and try to go beyond the limits. We need our government to control these scientists. In Mary Shelly's "Frankenstein," we see an example of how a scientist, who was not given any restrictions, created a monster and was fearful of his own invention. In the article "Biotech Century: Playing Ecological Roulette with Mother Nature's Designs," Jeremy Rifkin presents reasons why some scientists need to be given boundaries. Even hundreds of years ago people were toying with the ideas of recreating matter. In Mary Shelly's book Frankenstein she creates a character named Victor Frankenstein. Although the story is fictional, Mary Shelley presents a realistic image of one man's idea to create an inanimate object. Back in the 1800s the story was fictional, and was filled with scientific inquires which seemed at that time, nearly impossible for a human to accomplish. Today people are making their dreams a reality by having the freedom to experiment and discover whatever they want. The problem scientists could face is being unable to control the results of their discoveries. Just like the story of Frankenstein, scientists are driven to discover the "what if" questions. For example in our society, scientists are driven to d... ...turn, more chemicals sprayed on food, effects the consumer who buys the fruit or vegetables. These are the reasons why our scientists are genetically engineering plant life. We live in a world where scientific discoveries are surfacing each day.We need to accept the discoveries and support the ones which were not successful. Scientists need to be given some sort of restrictions in regards to everything in life, which would be a necessity for an individual to live. Naturally the world of science means a world of curiosity and adventures. Our government needs to step in and control the scientists' actions. Works Cited Rifkin, Jeremy. "Biotech Century: Playing Ecological Roulette with Mother Nature." The Presence of Others. Ed. Bedford. St. Martin's: 2000 244-253 Shelley, Mary. "Frankenstein" The Presence of Others. Ed. Bedford. St. Martin's: 2000 231-235

Whywhy Children Should Play or Organized Sports

Why Children Should Play School or Organized Sport â€Å"Research has shown that participation in outside of school sports and or other organized sports is associated with lower dropout rates, reduced problem behaviors, and increased school performance. Children build interpersonal skills, positive assets needed to become active and productive young adults. Studies suggest that children who are involved with after school sports or organized sports have higher self esteem, lower depression rates and have better opportunities for optimal growth and development†. Howie, 2009) Children should play school sports or organized sports, because sports improve children’s self esteem, sports teach children skills that they can use to become leaders, and sports give children the exercise they need to stay healthy. Although, school sports or organized sports help children with their self esteem, teach children to be team players and give children the exercise to stay healthy there a re cons to playing sports. School sports or organized sports are commitments that a child needs to make.When there is a child that is going to play sports, the family also needs to be a part of the team as well. Playing sports is time consuming and takes a lot of time from be able to do other things outside of sports. It is important that the child and parents know the length of the season, the practice schedule and game schedule to make sure that there is time for family time too. It is also important that when a child has decided to play a sport that the entire family is willing to be a part of the team as well. School sports and or organized sports are wonderful to help increase self esteem in children.When children have a high level of self esteem they reduce the chances of depression and anxiety. Children that play school sports or organized sports have a high level of self esteem and do well in school; it helps children to become problem solvers and gives children encouragemen t to do well in school. It has been proven that children that participate in school sports or organized sports earn better grades, have better behaviors in and out of the classroom, and there is a lower rate of them dropping out of school. School sports or organized sports keep hildren going to school on a regular basis with fewer unexcused days missed, because they know that if they are not in school they are going to miss the opportunity to play with their team. â€Å"Furthermore, non participants of school sports or organized sports were more likely to drop of school; children were more likely to smoke cigarettes, more likely to become teen parents and more likely to be arrested than children who are sport participants†. (Donaldson, 2007) School sports or organized sports gives children skills to become team members and helps children to become leaders.Children that play school sports or organized sports learn skills that they can use their entire lives. â€Å"Development al benefits include: developing individual and team goals, meeting deadlines, working as a team, learning to perform under pressure, dealing with adversity, handling success and failure, developing self confidence, developing decision making strategies, and learning communication skills†. (Zaichowsky, 2007) School sports or organized sports are a wonderful way to encourage children to learn skills to become leaders in today’s society.After children graduate from high school and continue on to college, they are going to be able to take the skills that they have learned with them to the â€Å"Real World†. When children play school sports or organized sports they know that they are part of a team and that their team needs them. They need to make sure that they go to practice, go to school and make sure that they get good grades so that they are eligible to play in their games. Sports give children the feeling of membership and know that they are needed to complete a task from start to finish. Playing sports starts a foundation for children to be leaders.As children grow older and are learning the skills to become better adults, it is important that they understand that the younger generations are going to look up to them for guidance. They need to take their skills that they have learned and teach it to the younger children that are looking up to them for guidance. They have been taught the skills to be good role models for the next generation. Although school sports or organized sports teaches children lessons in life to be successful human beings, the most important reason that children should play sports is to be healthy. When children are school sports or rganized sport teams, they are going to get the exercise that they need to get healthy and stay healthy. â€Å"An increase in physical activity has many health benefits: it lowers the risk of obesity, coronary heart disease, type II diabetes, hypertension, and osteoporosis†. (Colla rd, 2008) Exercise teaches children to be physical fit, but also teaches children that nutrition is also important. Child obesity is on the rise in the United States. In today’s society we lead very busy lives and it is convenient to stop at fast food restaurants between work, home and sporting events to pick up dinner.Also, there are a lot of entertaining shows on television that children are interested in watching. We can help our children become healthier by leading healthy lifestyles as a family. Exercising is important to keep children fit and healthy to prevent injuries. Injuries can happen to healthy children do, but the risk is higher for children that are not in physical shape. Everyone should have at least 20 to 30 minutes of cardiovascular exercise each day, when children are playing school sports or organized sports they are exercising and having fun at the same time.Children should play school sports or organized sports to make sure that they get enough exercise. The word exercise to children sounds like work, however when they are playing sports they are exercising and getting into shape without knowing it. The importance of limiting television time and playing games on the computer or other gaming systems would be helpful to children too. When children are not playing school sports or organized sports, they should be encouraged to go for walk, go for a bike ride, take their dog for a walk or simply run up and down a set of stairs.By playing school sports or organized sports it is easier for children to get the exercise they need, but when they are not playing they also need to make sure they get the exercise they need to stay in shape. Physical Education classes in school help children, but there are schools in our country that are cutting PE classes from their budgets. School sports are great to get children exercising during the season but once the season ends it is just as important that they stay fit and healthy for the next season.Th ere has been a drop in the number of students enrolled in daily physical education classes, so that one in four children do not attend any school physical education class. Seventy percent of children drop out of sports by the age of 13. Nearly half of young people ages 12 through 21, and more than one-third of high school students do not participate in any vigorous physical activity on a regular basis. Fewer than one out of four children get 20 minutes of vigorous daily activity. The percentage of overweight young Americans has more than doubled in the past 30 years†. Engle, 2010) Children that play school sports or organized sports have a better chance of getting the exercise that they need compared to students that do not play sports. For children that don’t play sports, it is important that they are encouraged to join some other activity that involved daily exercise to keep children fit and healthy.In conclusion school sports or organized sports is wonderful for chil dren to learn tools that they are going to use through their childhood, but most importantly they are going to be able to take these tools and use them through the entire life. Sports participation is a major factor in the development of most American children. About 20 million American children ages 6 through 16 plays organized out of school sports, and about 25 million youth play competitive school sports. 30 to 45 million kids’ ages 6 through 18 participate in at least one school or community based athletic program†. (Engle, 2010) School sports or organized sports improve children’s self esteem levels, gives children the tools and lessons to become a leader and also allows children time to get the exercise that they need to get and stay healthy.When children have a high level of self esteem they do better in school and have more confidence. School sports or organized sports are a wonderful tool that is used to help children achieve their goals.

A Geographical Study of Sydney

Population growth in Sydney is mostly due to natural increase (more births than deaths). The rest of Sydney's growth comes from immigration. Sydney has a population of 4.1 million people and is expected to grow by 40,000 people a year for the next 25-30 years. People & Housing In Sydney, the average household is becoming smaller. This means more dwellings are needed to house the same number of people. This is becoming a problem and in the future, we will need around 23,500 new homes every year. These dwellings will be flats, units and villas. Age Profile The population in Sydney is aging as people are living longer. The number of people aged over 65 will double in the next 25 years. p.11 I believe that these issues are good reflections of the problems in Sydney. From my experience, urban growth – high demand for growth, housing – a lack of space and smaller dwellings, ageing communities – a lack of facilities that care for the elderly, the protection of Sydney's natural environments – little park areas in the city, a lack of infrastructure, poor transport systems, and the time needed to travel outer Sydney are all issues that I have noticed. TASK 4 The Government expresses a desire to be sustainable. Is this a realistic goal given the extent of the key issues facing Sydney? What do you think we should do? The government expresses a desire to be sustainable, but is this a realistic goal? I believe so, however, a lot of changes have to be made to achieve this ambition of sustainability. Before it can be fully decided whether this statement is realistic and whether anything can be done about it there has to be an analysis of the problems. Sydney's natural environment makes it a beautiful and outgoing place to live. However, it won't stay like this forever. Cars are still a major contributor to poor metropolitan air quality. The city is facing many challenges in sustainably managing its natural and cultural resources to ensure they meet the needs of current and future residents of the region. It is getting harder and harder for Sydney to fund infrastructure which must be taken into consideration. The population is increasing due to higher birth rates and net migration, this increasing population means households are becoming smaller. Sydney also needs to provide quality jobs as it is a global city that attracts international investments and careers. We need to manage our use of natural resources more wisely. As a big city we consume large amounts of resources and dispose of large amounts of waste to landfill. The costs of building and maintaining infrastructure to supply water and energy to meet increasing consumption and population growth are extremely high. Apart from these major sustainability problems of natural resources, employment, transport, housing, urban growth, infrastructure and natural environment, there are other issues relating to lack of public space, ethnicity, crime, affordability, demographics and much, much more. As a team working community, Sydney may be able to change the forecasts and find sustainable ways with which to manage its issues. It needs to value the land that surrounds it so that trade-offs are clear. It could create balance between roads and public transport provision and use. It could build more facilities for walking and cycling. It needs to make the most of public transport, energy, water and waste facilities, school and hospitals before new infrastructure is built. Well located land for industry, supported by transport and communications infrastructure, is also needed. A special challenge is to increase the number of quality jobs in western Sydney. New land development on Sydney's fringe will need to more elf-sustaining by providing services locally including a good range of jobs, as well as access to transport, parks and community services, including schools and hospitals. If we link with the regions close by and try these sustainability problems there is a good chance that Sydney could become sustainable in the future. If we look after our environment, support a competitive economy and create better places to live and work Sydney can reach sustainability. It is about improving the quality of life without leaving a burden on future generations.